We found increased induced power across a large number of electrodes in the theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands when more items were successfully recalled. An induced-power analysis examined the aggregate neural correlates of VWM encoding as a function of items correctly recalled. The individual frequency tag amplitudes evoked for correctly recalled items were significantly larger than the amplitudes of subsequently forgotten stimuli, regardless of retrieval task. At retrieval, participants either recalled the location of all stimuli in any order (simultaneous full report) or were cued to report the item in a particular location over multiple screen displays (sequential full report). We recorded high-density EEG (256 channel) while participants viewed four shape stimuli, each flickering at a different frequency. This permitted the tracking of individual stimuli as well as the aggregate response. To address this limitation, we paired an electroencephalography (EEG) frequency-tagging technique with two full-report VWM paradigms. Why are some visual stimuli remembered, whereas others are forgotten? A limitation of recognition paradigms is that they measure aggregate behavioral performance and/or neural responses to all stimuli presented in a visual working memory (VWM) array.
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